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Cambodia has a long and rich history that spans from ancient times to the present day. Here is a brief timeline of some of the major events in Cambodian history:
• 1st-6th centuries: Funan period – early state-like polities in delta and coastal regions, trading contact with India and China, “Indianisation” of Khmer society begins.
• 7th-8th centuries: Chenla period – shift in trade patterns causes decline of Funan, emergence of large kingdoms in inland area, Indianisation continues.
• 9th-13th centuries: Khmer Empire – the peak of Khmer civilization, building of Angkor Wat and other monumental temples, expansion of territory and influence, cultural and artistic achievements.
• 14th-18th centuries: Post-Angkor period – decline of Khmer Empire due to internal strife, Thai and Vietnamese invasions, loss of territory and prestige, conversion to Theravada Buddhism.
• 19th-20th centuries: French colonial period – Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France, French colonial rule lasts for 90 years, modernization and nationalism movements, Japanese occupation during World War II.
• 1953: Independence – Cambodia wins its independence from France under King Norodom Sihanouk, who becomes the dominant political figure for the next two decades.
• 1970: Coup – Prime Minister Lon Nol overthrows Sihanouk in a coup, proclaims the Khmer Republic, and sends the army to fight the North Vietnamese and the communist Khmer Rouge guerrillas, who are supported by Sihanouk in exile.
• 1975-1979: Khmer Rouge regime – Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge take over Phnom Penh and establish Democratic Kampuchea, a radical Maoist state that attempts to create a classless agrarian society. The regime carries out a brutal genocide that kills at least 1.7 million people, or about a quarter of the population, through executions, starvation, disease, and overwork. The regime also abolishes money, religion, education, and culture, and forces people to evacuate the cities and work in collective farms and labor camps.
• 1979-1989: Vietnamese occupation – Vietnam invades Cambodia and ousts the Khmer Rouge, who retreat to the border areas and continue their guerrilla warfare. Vietnam installs a puppet government called the People’s Republic of Kampuchea, led by Hun Sen, a former Khmer Rouge commander who defected to Vietnam. The international community does not recognize the Vietnamese-backed regime and supports a coalition of resistance groups, including the Khmer Rouge, the royalists, and the nationalists, who form the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK).
• 1989-1991: Withdrawal and peace talks – Vietnam withdraws its troops from Cambodia, following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, its main ally and sponsor. The United Nations sponsors peace talks among the four Cambodian factions, resulting in the Paris Peace Agreements, which end the civil war and pave the way for a UN-supervised transition to democracy.
• 1992-1993: UN administration – The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) takes over the administration of the country, with the mandate to disarm the warring factions, repatriate refugees, organize elections, and rebuild the country. The Khmer Rouge refuses to cooperate with UNTAC and continues to fight. UNTAC holds the first free and fair elections in Cambodia’s history, which are won by the royalist party FUNCINPEC, led by Prince Norodom Ranariddh, Sihanouk’s son. However, the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), led by Hun Sen, refuses to accept the results and threatens to secede. A power-sharing agreement is reached, with Ranariddh as the first prime minister and Hun Sen as the second prime minister. Sihanouk returns to Cambodia and becomes the king again.
• 1994-1998: Factional fighting and Khmer Rouge collapse – Tensions and clashes between the two ruling parties escalate, leading to a violent coup in 1997, in which Hun Sen ousts Ranariddh and consolidates his power. The Khmer Rouge also suffers from internal divisions and defections, and loses its remaining territory and support. Pol Pot dies in 1998, and the Khmer Rouge officially surrenders in 1999.
• 1999-present: Hun Sen’s rule – Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1999, and becomes a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2004. Hun Sen and his CPP win the elections in 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018, and maintain their grip on power, despite allegations of fraud, corruption, and human rights violations. The opposition party, the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP), led by Sam Rainsy and Kem Sokha, gains popularity and challenges the CPP, especially in the 2013 elections, which are disputed by the CNRP. The CPP responds by cracking down on the opposition, the media, and civil society, and dissolves the CNRP in 2017, effectively turning Cambodia into a one-party state. The international community condemns the CPP’s actions and imposes sanctions and pressure on Cambodia. Hun Sen defends his legitimacy and sovereignty, and seeks closer ties with China, which provides economic and military aid to Cambodia.